A current phone has more sensors (15+) and substantially more computing power (8+ 64-bit cores) than NASA had in the 60s to land on the moon.
Semiconductors Transistors A semiconductor is a material which conducts electricity, but not too well.
Booleans There are two values: true and false. Many operations, such as comparisons, on other data (e.
Adders Half Adder A half adder is a component which adds the right-most bits of two numbers.
Positional Number Systems As mentioned: numbers are an abstraction. One number can be represented in many ways, including the positional number systems.